B (Q.2 of 5) The letter can be used once only

Port cities become industrial, financial, and service centers and political capitals because of their water connections and the urban concentration which arises there and later draws to its railways, highways, and air routes. Water transport means cheap access, the chief basis of all port cities. Many of the world’s biggest cities, for example, London, New York, Shanghai, Istanbul, Buenos Aires, Tokyo, Jakarta, Calcutta, Philadelphia, and San Francisco began as ports – that is, with the land-sea exchange as their major function – but they have since grown disproportionately in other respects so that their port functions are no longer dominant. They remain different kinds of places from non-port cities and their port functions account for that difference.

List of Headings

i A truly international environment

ii Once a port city, always a port city

iii Good ports make huge profits

iv How the port changes a city's infrastructure

v Reasons for the decline of ports

vi Relative significance of trade and service industry

vii Ports and harbours (A)

viii The demands of the oil industry